Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, also known as the Snyder Act, granted full U.S. citizenship to Native Americans. While the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, had bestowed citizenship on all persons born in the United States—including former slaves—the amendment had been interpreted as not applying to indigenous native people. Enacted partially in recognition of the Native Americans who had served in World War I, the act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2, 1924. Though the act granted Native Americans U.S. citizenship, it did not ensure them the right to vote. Key Takeaways: Indian Citizenship Act The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2, 1924, granted U.S. citizenship to all Native American Indians.The Fourteenth Amendment had been interpreted as not granting citizenship to indigenous native people. The Indian Citizenship Act was enacted partly as a tribute to American Indians who had fought in World War I.While it granted Native Americans citizenship, it did not grant them the right to vote. Historical Background Ratified in 1868, the 14th Amendment had declared that all persons â€Å"born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof† were American citizens. However, the â€Å"jurisdiction thereof† clause was interpreted to exclude most Native Americans. In 1870, the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee declared â€Å"the 14th amendment to the Constitution has no effect whatever upon the status of the Indian tribes within the limits of the United States.† By the late 1800s, about 8% of Native people had qualified for U.S. citizenship due to being â€Å"taxed,† serving in the military, marrying whites, or accepting land allotments offered by the Dawes Act.   Enacted in 1887, the Dawes Act was intended to encourage Native Americans to abandon their Indian culture and â€Å"fit in† to mainstream American society. The act offered full citizenship to those Native Americans who agreed to leave their tribal lands to live on and farm free â€Å"allotments† of land. However, the Dawes Act had a negative effect on Native Americans on and off the reservations. Native Americans who had not already done so by other means won the right to full citizenship in 1924 when President Calvin Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act. While the stated purpose was to reward the thousands of Indians who had served in World War I, Congress and Coolidge hoped the act would break apart the remaining Native nations and force Native Americans to assimilate into white American society. Text of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 â€Å"BE IT ENACTED by the Senate and house of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all non-citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the United States: Provided That the granting of such citizenship shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the right of any Indian to tribal or other property.† Native American Voting Rights For whatever reasons it was enacted, the Indian Citizenship Act did not grant Native people voting rights. Except for the 15th and 19th Amendments, which ensure African Americans and women the right to vote in all states, the Constitution grants the states the power to determine voting rights and requirements. At the time, many states opposed allowing Native people to vote in their states. As a result, Native Americans were forced to secure the right to vote by winning it in the individual state legislatures. Not until 1962 did New Mexico become the last state to guarantee voting rights for Native Americans. However, like black voters, many Native Americans were still prevented from voting by poll taxes, literacy tests, and physical intimidation. In 1915, the U.S. Supreme Court, in the case of Guinn v. United States, declared literacy tests unconstitutional and in 1965, the Voting Rights Act helped protect the voting rights of Native people in all states. However, the Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in Shelby County v. Holder dismantled a key provision of the Voting Rights Act requiring states with a history of racial bias in voting to get the permission of the U.S. Department of Justice before enacting new voter qualification laws. Weeks before the 2018 midterm elections, the North Dakota Supreme Court upheld a voting requirement that may have prevented many of the state’s Native American residents from voting. Native American Opposition to Citizenship Not all Native people wanted U.S. citizenship. As members of their individual tribal nations, many worried that U.S. citizenship might endanger their tribal sovereignty and citizenship. Particularly outspoken against the act, leaders of the Onondaga Indian Nation felt that forcing U.S. citizenship on all Indians without their consent was â€Å"treason.† Others hesitated to trust a government that had taken their land by force, separated their families, and brutally discriminated against them. Others remained adamantly opposed to being assimilated into white American society at the cost of their Indian culture and identity. Tribal leaders who supported act considered it a path to establishing a national political identity that would give their people a more influential voice in issues affecting them. Many Native Americans felt the government now had an obligation to protect them. They believed that, as U.S. citizens, the government would be required to protect them from white businessmen trying to steal their government-granted land. Sources and Further Reference NCC Staff. On this day, all Indians made United States citizens. National Constitution Center: Constitution Daily.. 1924 Indian Citizenship ActNational Park Service.Hass, Theodore H. (1957). The Legal Aspects of Indian Affairs from 1887 to 1957. American Academy of Political and Social Science.Bruyneel, Kevin. Challenging American Boundaries: Indigenous People and the Gift of U.S. Citizenship. Studies in American Political Development. . Letter of Onondaga Nation to Calvin CoolidgeThe Onondaga Nation and the Haudenosaunee.

Juvenile Delinquency And Its Effects On Society - 1856 Words

Adriana Gonzalez Professor Shaw Juvenile Correction Since humankind has existed there has been delinquency among all humans as years progressed delinquency continues but became regulated and classified by different socioeconomic characteristics; gender, race, age, and class. Until the 20th century children and adults who broke the law were treated in the same manner and incarcerated in the same place. There was no distinction in age as to how the sentences were imposed. Juveniles started becoming distinguished in the early 1800’s with houses of refuge built by the society for the prevention of juvenile delinquency. They were established by religious leaders who were concerned about juvenile delinquents and their treatment. SITUATION There continues to be more and more juvenile delinquents in today s society, what could explain this? We continue to see different factors and variables that continue to influence teenagers today but we almost always have to come back to i believe the most important variable that influences their developmental process that may have the answers to explaining the growing trend of juvenile delinquents in today s society†¦. The Family. Family can be defined as, â€Å"A fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two parents and their children. A group of persons related by descent or marriage: My whole family, including my cousins, gets together once a year. (Thefreedictionary,2012) As per the definition above of what home isShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency And Its Effects On Society Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pagesconducted many research to determine what causes juvenile delinquency. Some argue that delinquency occurs through association or from labels society have placed on the individual. Regardless of the results, parent (s) play a major role in the occurrence of juveniles engaging in deviant behavior. If a child lacks the love, affection, stability, and security from his/her parent (s), than the child will seek these such things from their peers. Juveniles often times seek love, affection, stability, andRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Cause Juvenile Delinquency1156 Words   |  5 PagesNeglect cause Juvenile Delinquency Strain theory describes the idea that there are certain events and conditions in an individual’s life that are disliked and involve the inability to achieve goals, loss of positively valued stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli (Brezina and Agnew). Child neglect and abuse can be described by this theory, and often is, because of its elements and the effect it has on children. Before the idea of child abuse and neglect causing juvenile delinquency can be arguedRead MoreWhy Marijuana Is The Common Juvenile Crime Performed By The Youth1525 Words   |  7 Pages Based on the report of Global Youth Justice Organization, the misuse of marijuana is the common juvenile crime performed by the youth. Marijuana abuse was ranked to be #6 in their list. Teens are being involved to marijuana use for diverse reasons and this includes poor supervision and communication of parents, family problems, lack of self- discipline, lack of discipline from parents or guardians, and family his tory of marijuana or drug abuse. Other risk factors would be physical and sexual abuseRead MoreFor the purpose of this research, the proposed theories that will be used are Agnew’s General600 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluential with explaining juvenile delinquency. Agnew’s Strain theory is not the main theory of this research but when examining juvenile delinquency as a whole and the beginning it gives an explanation for that not in social science. This theory is used as the basic foundation to discuss the reasoning of why youth may began to commit crime to begin with Juvenile delinquency is an issue to continue rises in society without a proper solution. Similar to adult’s juveniles have a tendency to recidivateRead MoreBreaking Down the Walls of Delinquency1685 Words   |  7 PagesObviously something is going on in today’s society if more and more children are committing delinquent crimes. Sometimes a researcher has to get to what he or she thinks is t he root of the problem to figure out what spawns a certain issue. What provokes a child to become delinquent and what makes the child gravitate so easily towards this lifestyle? It is necessary to explore how family life influences juvenile delinquency. Juveniles are more likely to become juvenile delinquents if there is little structureRead MoreRelationship Between Police Intervention And Juvenile Delinquency1459 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between police intervention and juvenile delinquency and what polices are ideal for deterring deviance amplification. There are two main theories that initiate America’s juvenile justice system: labeling and deterrence. Essentially, labeling proponents believe that official intervention increases delinquency and, oppositely, deterrence theorists argue that it cracks down on deviancy. Wiley et al. (2016:283) want to â€Å"inform this debate by examining the effect of being stopped or arrested on subsequentRead MoreJuvenile Justic e And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagespaper is to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and theRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1322 Words   |  6 PagesVersion). Juvenile crime, in law, term denoting various offense committed by children or youth under the age of 18. U.S. official crime reported that in the mid-1900’s â€Å"about one-fifth of all persons arrested for crimes were under the age of 18† (Funk Wagnalls, 2014). Such acts are sometimes referred to as juvenile delinquency (Funk Wagnalls, 2014. Offering constructive programs reduces juvenile delinquency and reduces recidivism. â€Å"From the beginning, the principal consideration of the juvenile courtsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile delinquent offense is an act committed by a juvenile for which an adult would be tried at a criminal court. New statistics give an alarming picture: juvenile delinquency is higher as never before. According to the census bureau, in 2008 there were 1,653,000 recorded delinquent offenses in the United States. This is a 23.6% increase from 1990 when 1,337,000 delinquent offenses occurred. Today, a lot of people demand lowering the age of criminal responsibility and draconian penalties (JensonRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System1423 Words   |  6 PagesThere are so many issues facing our society today, especially in the criminal justice system. Within the criminal justice system, juvenile delinquency is an issue that I find the most overlooked and it is a problem that is growing, particularly in the poorer areas . The term juvenile delinquency refers to the antisocial or criminal activity under the age of 18 which violates the law. Everyone is affected by juvenile crime, parents, teachers, families and neighbors. It is essential that programs are

Discussion on Ethical Dilemma

Questions: Case Scenario: A 6-year-old develops a high fever accompanied by violent vomiting and convulsions while at school. The child is rushed to a nearby hospital. The attending physician makes a diagnosis of meningitis and requests permission to initiate treatment from the parents. The childs parents are divorced. The mother, who is not the biological parent of the child, has primary custody. She is a Christian Scientist who insists that no medical treatment be offered for religious reasons. The biological father, who resides in another state, is also contacted. He insists that treatment be given and seeks independent consultation from another physician. Assignment: In a formal, written paper of 800-1,200 words, answer the following questions: 1.What is the ethical dilemma here? 2.Describe the decision-making model you selected from your readings. 3.How would you resolve this dilemma using the model? 4.Include, at the end of your paper, a 200-word dialog in which you explain your decision to the family. (Remember to use language that the family would understand). Answers: 1. Ethical Dilemma is considered a complex situation where an individual faces a mental conflict and moral imperatives to make a decision. In Nursing sector, facing an ethical dilemma is a very predominant issue (Beach, 2014) . One of the major ethical dilemma includes patient freedom versus nurse control, reproductive rights, honesty versus information, other minor dilemma, different beliefs, resource management, etc. This case study is based on an ethical dilemma facing in the process of treatment of a six year old child. The main aim of this study is to resolve the particular dilemma using a proper decision making model in order to start the treatment of the child. The case is for a Six year old child developing high fever with violent vomiting and convulsions while she was in school. After this event, the child was immediately admitted to a nearby hospital. The physician diagnosed her with meningitis and requested for the permission to start the treatment. Her biological parents are divorced. Her mother is, who is not the biological parent, has the primary custody of the child. She is a Christian Scientist and insists on the not applying medical interventions for religious causes. The biological father, who lives in another state also contacted the physician and insists on applying medical interventions. In medical interventions, ethical dilemma is caused due to many reasons. One of the major reasons behind ethical dilemma is a contradiction of a doctors duty. If the doctor is confused between what is said to him and what he needs to do, then there is a conflict in terms of doctors mindset (Beach, 2014). As pet certain protocols for doctors such as physicians, that he must treat the patient. But in this particular case, the mother of the child is refusing for any medical interventions. On the other hand the biological father of the child is insisting for applying medical interventions. The professional codes of medical professionals and ethics suggest that before starting medical interventions for a particular patient, it is compulsory to ask for the permission from the patients guardian or parents. In this scenario the mother of the child is restrained from giving permission. As a result, the doctor is not able to start the primary necessary interventions to be carried out. In addit ion to this, he cannot seek for the consent to begin his work. 2. To overcome this dilemma, the physician can apply the DECIDE model for the decision making help (Beach, 2014). The Decide model is applicable in this scenario as it can be used in health issues. D- Define or identify the problem or issue. E-Estabhment of the criteria and measures which are needed to implement. C-Consideration of all the possible choices. I- Identification of the best option for this particular case scenario. D-Development of the action plan which is selected for execution. E- Evaluation and Monitoring of the solution with respect to the mentioned health issue. 3. In this particular case, the mother of the child is not allowing the doctor to take medical interventions. As we know, the child is suffering from meningitis and symptoms such as high fever, vomiting and convulsions (Barry Edgman-Levitan, 2012). As per the physician, the child is in immediate need of medical intervention. To overcome this situation, only two, one way is to treat the child or the other way is to allow the child to suffer. In these particular scenarios, DECIDE model can be applied to resolve the ethical issue (Barry Edgman-Levitan, 2012). The most important thing to understand the mental thinking and the condition of the mother of the child. As, the child is need of medical intervention, the mother of the child should be educated with scientific backgrounds. She should be made aware of the modern development of scientific technologies. The most important thing is to demolish her superstitious beliefs and convince her. To make feel that her child needs medical help on an emergency basis (Baghbanian, 2012). Moreover, the doctor should consult his father, in order to convince her mother. As a doctor, the primary goal of the physician is to treat a patient for betterment. In this scenario, if the physician does not treat the child, the condition can become worse and out of control. So, the physician can get permission from his biological father and start the treatment procedure on an emergency basis. If any legal prospect arises, the physician can show the humanitarian grounds and consent of his father through voicemail or email which will provide a legal importance. (Barry Edgman-Levitan, 2012) 4. Following is provided the conversational dialogue between the physician and the childs mother is given below: Physician: The child is suffering from meningitis and she needs immediate medical interventions. As a protocol, you have to provide us the permission! Mother: she does not need any medical intervention. Lord is her shepared. He will take care. Intervention: this is 21st century madam, mane reched to the moon, earth is round, think from a scientific prospect, If u don not response, her life will be in danger! Physiscian: I have talked with the father of the child, he is asking for medical intervention, with scientific point of view, you should discard these supersticious and agree to save the life of the child. All over the world, people are taking to consume medical interventions and they are getting well. So you should think broadly. Mother: I am a strong beneiver of Christian scientist. I prefer this otion more. Physician: There is no scientific valu of such practices, you should think with ur mind, how can such practices be fruitful, if so, then people would never opt for medical interventions. Think broadly, do not narrow down your thinking. Evry minute loss is putting your chailds life in danger. Please provide me the permission. Mother: Okay, I am giving you the permission, but my child should get well. Physician: She will, thank you for your permission, I will try my level best. References Baghbanian, A., Hughes, I., Kebriaei, A., Khavarpour, F. A. (2012). Adaptive decision-making: how Australian healthcare managers decide.Australian Health Review,36(1), 49-56. Barry, M. J., Edgman-Levitan, S. (2012). Shared decision makingthe pinnacle of patient-centered care.New England Journal of Medicine,366(9), 780-781. Beach, L. R. (2014).Decision making in the workplace: A unified perspective. Psychology Press.